• User error: "id" is an invalid render array key in Drupal\Core\Render\Element::children() (line 98 of core/lib/Drupal/Core/Render/Element.php).
    Drupal\Core\Render\Element::children(Array, 1) (Line: 451)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 493)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 240)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 475)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 114)
__TwigTemplate_f8e413589152ea1b4160b5288cda03a3->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 394)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 367)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 379)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 38)
Twig\TemplateWrapper->render(Array) (Line: 39)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/urbact/templates/node.html.twig', Array) (Line: 348)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('node', Array) (Line: 480)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 240)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 475)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 66)
__TwigTemplate_0e86bda84fcd4d62e42faf37f2598358->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 394)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 367)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 379)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 38)
Twig\TemplateWrapper->render(Array) (Line: 39)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/urbact/templates/views/views-view-unformatted.html.twig', Array) (Line: 348)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('views_view_unformatted', Array) (Line: 480)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 493)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 240)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 475)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 85)
__TwigTemplate_049754c1d7194613fb1d4b831df0c502->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 394)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 367)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 379)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 38)
Twig\TemplateWrapper->render(Array) (Line: 39)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/urbact/templates/views/views-view.html.twig', Array) (Line: 348)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('views_view', Array) (Line: 480)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 493)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 240)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 238)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 627)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 231)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 128)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90)
Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 111)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 186)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 76)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 28)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 32)
Drupal\big_pipe\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 36)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\AjaxPageState->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 49)
Drupal\remove_http_headers\StackMiddleware\RemoveHttpHeadersMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 704)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
  • User error: "name" is an invalid render array key in Drupal\Core\Render\Element::children() (line 98 of core/lib/Drupal/Core/Render/Element.php).
    Drupal\Core\Render\Element::children(Array, 1) (Line: 451)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 493)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 240)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 475)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 114)
__TwigTemplate_f8e413589152ea1b4160b5288cda03a3->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 394)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 367)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 379)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 38)
Twig\TemplateWrapper->render(Array) (Line: 39)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/urbact/templates/node.html.twig', Array) (Line: 348)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('node', Array) (Line: 480)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 240)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 475)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 66)
__TwigTemplate_0e86bda84fcd4d62e42faf37f2598358->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 394)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 367)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 379)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 38)
Twig\TemplateWrapper->render(Array) (Line: 39)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/urbact/templates/views/views-view-unformatted.html.twig', Array) (Line: 348)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('views_view_unformatted', Array) (Line: 480)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 493)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 240)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 475)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 85)
__TwigTemplate_049754c1d7194613fb1d4b831df0c502->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 394)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 367)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 379)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 38)
Twig\TemplateWrapper->render(Array) (Line: 39)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/urbact/templates/views/views-view.html.twig', Array) (Line: 348)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('views_view', Array) (Line: 480)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 493)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 240)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 238)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 627)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 231)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 128)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90)
Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 111)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 186)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 76)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 28)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 32)
Drupal\big_pipe\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 36)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\AjaxPageState->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 49)
Drupal\remove_http_headers\StackMiddleware\RemoveHttpHeadersMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 704)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
  • User error: "picture" is an invalid render array key in Drupal\Core\Render\Element::children() (line 98 of core/lib/Drupal/Core/Render/Element.php).
    Drupal\Core\Render\Element::children(Array, 1) (Line: 451)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 493)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 240)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 475)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 114)
__TwigTemplate_f8e413589152ea1b4160b5288cda03a3->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 394)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 367)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 379)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 38)
Twig\TemplateWrapper->render(Array) (Line: 39)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/urbact/templates/node.html.twig', Array) (Line: 348)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('node', Array) (Line: 480)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 240)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 475)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 66)
__TwigTemplate_0e86bda84fcd4d62e42faf37f2598358->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 394)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 367)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 379)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 38)
Twig\TemplateWrapper->render(Array) (Line: 39)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/urbact/templates/views/views-view-unformatted.html.twig', Array) (Line: 348)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('views_view_unformatted', Array) (Line: 480)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 493)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 240)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 475)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 85)
__TwigTemplate_049754c1d7194613fb1d4b831df0c502->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 394)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 367)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 379)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 38)
Twig\TemplateWrapper->render(Array) (Line: 39)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/urbact/templates/views/views-view.html.twig', Array) (Line: 348)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('views_view', Array) (Line: 480)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 493)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 240)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 238)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 627)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 231)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 128)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90)
Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 111)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 186)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 76)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 28)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 32)
Drupal\big_pipe\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 36)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\AjaxPageState->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 49)
Drupal\remove_http_headers\StackMiddleware\RemoveHttpHeadersMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 704)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
  • User error: "url" is an invalid render array key in Drupal\Core\Render\Element::children() (line 98 of core/lib/Drupal/Core/Render/Element.php).
    Drupal\Core\Render\Element::children(Array, 1) (Line: 451)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 493)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 240)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 475)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 114)
__TwigTemplate_f8e413589152ea1b4160b5288cda03a3->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 394)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 367)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 379)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 38)
Twig\TemplateWrapper->render(Array) (Line: 39)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/urbact/templates/node.html.twig', Array) (Line: 348)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('node', Array) (Line: 480)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 240)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 475)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 66)
__TwigTemplate_0e86bda84fcd4d62e42faf37f2598358->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 394)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 367)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 379)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 38)
Twig\TemplateWrapper->render(Array) (Line: 39)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/urbact/templates/views/views-view-unformatted.html.twig', Array) (Line: 348)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('views_view_unformatted', Array) (Line: 480)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 493)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 240)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 475)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 85)
__TwigTemplate_049754c1d7194613fb1d4b831df0c502->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 394)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 367)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 379)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 38)
Twig\TemplateWrapper->render(Array) (Line: 39)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/urbact/templates/views/views-view.html.twig', Array) (Line: 348)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('views_view', Array) (Line: 480)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 493)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 240)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 238)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 627)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 231)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 128)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90)
Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 111)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 186)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 76)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 28)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 32)
Drupal\big_pipe\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 36)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\AjaxPageState->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 49)
Drupal\remove_http_headers\StackMiddleware\RemoveHttpHeadersMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 704)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
  • User error: "id" is an invalid render array key in Drupal\Core\Render\Element::children() (line 98 of core/lib/Drupal/Core/Render/Element.php).
    Drupal\Core\Render\Element::children(Array, 1) (Line: 451)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 493)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 240)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 475)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 114)
__TwigTemplate_f8e413589152ea1b4160b5288cda03a3->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 394)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 367)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 379)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 38)
Twig\TemplateWrapper->render(Array) (Line: 39)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/urbact/templates/node.html.twig', Array) (Line: 348)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('node', Array) (Line: 480)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 240)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 475)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 66)
__TwigTemplate_0e86bda84fcd4d62e42faf37f2598358->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 394)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 367)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 379)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 38)
Twig\TemplateWrapper->render(Array) (Line: 39)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/urbact/templates/views/views-view-unformatted.html.twig', Array) (Line: 348)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('views_view_unformatted', Array) (Line: 480)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 493)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 240)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 475)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 85)
__TwigTemplate_049754c1d7194613fb1d4b831df0c502->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 394)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 367)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 379)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 38)
Twig\TemplateWrapper->render(Array) (Line: 39)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/urbact/templates/views/views-view.html.twig', Array) (Line: 348)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('views_view', Array) (Line: 480)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 493)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 240)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array, ) (Line: 238)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\{closure}() (Line: 627)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->executeInRenderContext(Object, Object) (Line: 231)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->prepare(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 128)
Drupal\Core\Render\MainContent\HtmlRenderer->renderResponse(Array, Object, Object) (Line: 90)
Drupal\Core\EventSubscriber\MainContentViewSubscriber->onViewRenderArray(Object, 'kernel.view', Object)
call_user_func(Array, Object, 'kernel.view', Object) (Line: 111)
Drupal\Component\EventDispatcher\ContainerAwareEventDispatcher->dispatch(Object, 'kernel.view') (Line: 186)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handleRaw(Object, 1) (Line: 76)
Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 58)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\Session->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\KernelPreHandle->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 28)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 32)
Drupal\big_pipe\StackMiddleware\ContentLength->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 191)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->fetch(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 128)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->lookup(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 82)
Drupal\page_cache\StackMiddleware\PageCache->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 48)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\ReverseProxyMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\NegotiationMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 36)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\AjaxPageState->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 49)
Drupal\remove_http_headers\StackMiddleware\RemoveHttpHeadersMiddleware->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 51)
Drupal\Core\StackMiddleware\StackedHttpKernel->handle(Object, 1, 1) (Line: 704)
Drupal\Core\DrupalKernel->handle(Object) (Line: 19)
  • User error: "name" is an invalid render array key in Drupal\Core\Render\Element::children() (line 98 of core/lib/Drupal/Core/Render/Element.php).
    Drupal\Core\Render\Element::children(Array, 1) (Line: 451)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array) (Line: 493)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 240)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 475)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 114)
__TwigTemplate_f8e413589152ea1b4160b5288cda03a3->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 394)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 367)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 379)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 38)
Twig\TemplateWrapper->render(Array) (Line: 39)
twig_render_template('themes/custom/urbact/templates/node.html.twig', Array) (Line: 348)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('node', Array) (Line: 480)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 240)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 475)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 66)
__TwigTemplate_0e86bda84fcd4d62e42faf37f2598358->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 394)
Twig\Template->displayWithErrorHandling(Array, Array) (Line: 367)
Twig\Template->display(Array) (Line: 379)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 38)
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  • Housing at the URBACT City Festival 2018: from the EU Urban Agenda to Lisbon (PT)

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    15/11/2022

    Affordable and adequate housing is one of the theme Lab sessions at URBACT City Festival taking place in Lisbon, 13-14 September 2018. This text serves the purpose of introducing to the housing debates in Lisbon, linking them to the work of the EU urban agenda (EU UA) on affordable housing.

     

    Article
    Articles

    Challenging housing conditions in Lisbon

     

    Portugal ranks 22nd of 28 countries in the European Housing Exclusion Index 2016.

     

    In Portugal, housing rights are guaranteed both by law and Constitution, which states that “everyone shall have the right for himself and his family to a dwelling of adequate size satisfying standards of hygiene and comfort and preserving personal and family privacy” (Art. 65 Paragraph 1).

     

    Despite this Constitutional provision, as well as a number of housing laws and programmes, the financial crisis and the measures that have been implemented to address the crisis, especially the austerity measures, have created difficult housing conditions for many.

     

    Liberalisation and deregulation of the real estate market has radically affected housing conditions: rent controls were stripped back, renovation and refurbishment regulations eased and tax cut. This came at a time of a difficult economic period for Portugal: The Troika’s Memorandum, which the last government signed in 2011, dedicated an entire chapter to housing with the goal to “dynamize” the rental market and buying markets.

     

    In 2012 this brought the introduction of “golden VISA"[1] for foreigners ready to invest in the local market, boosting the investment on properties in the city. Prices raised because this political approach made it easier to invest to improve apartments to be let to a growing wave of tourists. It attracted investors, notably from China, Turkey but also other countries. AirBnB became an important game player in Lisbon housing market. The majority of AirBnB listing are entire homes/apartment, whose listing grows with a number at 3 ciphers every month. Gentrification is a major plague making tenants unable to afford the rising rental costs of their apartments. It translates in direct and indirect evictions of inhabitants.

     

    Protest and citizens-led organisations made people struggles concerning lack of adequate housing, evictions (in 2016 at least 1,700 families were evicted from their homes in Lisbon) and fights against raising rents in Lisbon in the name of the right to housing guaranteed by the national constitution visible, like for instance the initiative Caravan for the Right to Housing (Caravana pelo Direito à Habitação)

     

    The movie You’ll soon be here by Fabio Petronilli gives an insight into the potential future development of the district of Mouraria, one of the oldest Lisbon's neighborhood and the risks attached to these new trends. Mouraria district will be at the venue of one of the walkshops of URBACT City Festival and a Facebook Live will invite URBACT followers on Facebook to discover the district on 12 September.

     

    Short-term rents were regulated recently with measures included in the new laws on tourist enterprise, with the signature of an agreement between AirBnB and Lisbon in 2016 to promote fair home sharing while simplifying the payment of tourist tax for Airbnb hosts. However what is still lacking is a real distinction between small and grand renters: only the latter pay the sums that are required for tourist accommodation.

     

    Housing and urban renewal strategies of Lisbon Municipality

     

    The main institutional referent for local housing policies is the Institute for Housing and Urban Rehabilitation (Instituto da Habitação e da Reabilitação Urbana, or IHRU) in charge of implementing of the housing and urban rehabilitation policies of the central Government, particularly for low-income families.

     

    Locally, the Municipal Directorate of Housing and Local Development in Lisbon is the institutional body developing the housing

    policies of the municipality of Lisbon. It is structured in two departments: The Department of Housing Policies and Management and the Department of Local Development. These departments cover a wide variety of actions and projects including a recovery program; municipal rent subsidy; the affordable income program, et al.

     

    BIP/ZIP is one of the most relevant programmes of the Municipal Directorate of Housing and Local Development (Local Development Strategy for Neighbourhoods or Areas of Priority Intervention). It provides a frame of action to promote social and territorial cohesion and citizens’ participation, integrating housing interventions in a wider urban renewal approach. Supported in the frame of the European Union Community Led Local Development tool of the Cohesion Policy 2014-2020[2], the BIP/ZIP fosters local projects and municipal partnerships improving priority areas in Lisbon. These areas are selected according to different municipal and governmental data-sets in social, economic, urban and environmental aspects. Similar to other schemes in Europe e.g the German Social city programme mapping deprived urban areas in Berlin, the BIP/ZIP identified priority areas of interventions for investments around 50 000 euros. Citizens-led initiatives can apply to with projects covering topics such as promotion of citizenship, skills and jobs creation, inclusion and prevention, quality of public space et al. This strategy is considered innovative and in 2013 was awarded Best Practice in Citizen Participation award by the OIDP (International Observatory of Participatory Democracy), and 2017 label of “Good Practice” within URBACT in the area of neighbourhood regeneration and fight to urban poverty and inequalities. In 2018, the BIP/ZIP is at its 8th edition with a budget of 1,6 million euros counting 270 projects, 567 Institutions, 4637 Activities.

     

     

    Linking to the Affordable housing EU Urban Agenda (EUUA) partnership

     

    While the partnerships of the EU Urban agenda “Affordable housing” is looking at housing policies to be addressed at European level, the practices and challenges at city level represents the real ground onto which the EU Urban Agenda proposals will be tested. Fostering affordable housing of good quality is the main objective of the Urban Agenda partnership. The partnership’s work targets municipal, social, cooperative housing, affordable rental housing and affordable home ownership but not emergency housing, purely market rental or home ownership.

     

    The city of Lisbon is one of the active member of this EU UA partnership, and its contributions have been both in providing practices and examples of local social policies (e.g. the BIP/ZIP presented during the 10th partnership meeting in Lisbon and in proposing actions to the EU Urban agenda action plan learning from city-level perspective.)

     

     

    On 20 of July 2018, 13 actions proposed by this EU UA partnership have been shared online for public consultation. The public consultation is open until 4 September 2018. These are the outcome of a work based on exchanges among the members of the partnership (which collaborated into working groups focusing on State Aid (State Aid, Competition Law, Definition of Services of general economic interest, Value Added Tax issues); finance and funding (Investments and instruments, loans, innovative funding, Golden rule, Europe an semester) and General Housing policies (divided into two subgroups Part A: Land use, spatial planning; building ground (land), anti-speculation, renovation, energy efficiency; and Part B: Security of tenure, rent stabilization, co-management, co-design, support for vulnerable groups).

     

    While the actions have been drafted as result of meetings to which only member of the partnership could participate -according to the scheme of the whole EU urban Agenda-, the online consultation is an occasion to open up a wider debate.

     

    The lab at the URBACT City Festival is inviting members of the Partnership to share actions and advancement of the action plan.

     

    The Lab at URBACT City Festival 2018

     

    The Housing Lab on 13 September is organised in collaboration with the EU UA Affordable Housing Partnership. It will look at the thematic “Housing” learning from the experience of Lisbon, presenting of the advancements of the EU Urban Agenda Partnership, with the participation of housing Europe. A site visit is organised for the participants to the workshop to learn from local housing projects. URBACT selected the project É UMA CASA, Lisboa Housing First[3] promoted by the NGO Crescer. The topic of the visit is linked to future URBACT activities: Policy labs on housing prevention of eviction and homeless to take place in December 2018, and housing right in Spring 2019 in collaboration with FEANTSA and the EU UA Urban Poverty partnership.

     

     

    [1] The scheme grants residency to anyone who spends at least €500,000 on property. Once granted, recipients must spend at least a week in the country for the first year and a total of two weeks every two years thereafter. Financial Times, Hugo Cox JUNE 21, 2017 “Lisbon’s ‘golden visa’ age: residency scheme boosts homes market”

    [2] CLLD is a specific tool for use at sub-regional level, which is complementary to other development support at local level. CLLD can mobilise and involve local communities and organisations to con- tribute to achieving the Europe 2020 Strategy goals of smart, sustainable and inclusive growth, fostering territorial cohesion and reaching specific policy objectives.

    [3] Housing First is designed for people who need significant levels of help to enable them to leave homelessness. Among the groups who Housing First services can help are people who are homeless with severe mental illnesses or mental health problems, homeless people with problematic drug and alcohol use, and homeless people with poor physical health, limiting illness and disabilities. Housing First services have also proven effective with people who are experiencing long-term or repeated homelessness who, in addition to other support needs, often lack social supports, i.e. help from friends or family and are not part of a community.

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  • Making a difference with tradition

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    15/11/2022

    An Award to Historical shops to preserve Lisbon’s uniqueness.

    'Shops with a history' is a municipal programme awarding and supporting shops whose historical and cultural heritage contribute to the city’s identity. To date 82 shops have received a distinction. Here we are taking you through the key point of the programme, an URBACT Good Practice and taking you to visit and discover (his)stories of 4 of these shops.

    Commerce: one of Lisbon’s development historic pillars

    Articles

    For over two thousand years, commerce has played a crucial role in the economic, social and cultural life of the city of Lisbon (PT), located on the Tagus River estuary. In fact, its privileged location has favoured the settlement of various people in the country’s most populous city. In addition, because of its strategic location, it has become an important commercial port due to the logistics chains of international commerce and the cruise ships circuit.

    Because commerce is one of the pillars of Lisbon’s development, traditional local shops have always contributed to defining the distinctive character of the city. However, these commercial establishments are at risk of disappearing due to the threat posed by large urban real estate developments in the city´s centre and the development of large commercial establishments in the city’s perimeter, not to mention the ageing of their owners or tenants, which tends to lead to the abandonment of this activity.

    In 2015, Lisbon City Council created the Shops with a History programme in order to stop this trend. The programme’s aim is to preserve and safeguard traditional establishments that give the city a specific trademark, while also invigorating its economic activity and revitalising its economic and social fabric.

    Awards to historic shops and restaurants to help them build their future

    By launching the Shops with a History programme the municipality is not only contributing to preserving the city’s identity and image, but also fighting against real estate speculation and unregulated increases of commercial rent.

    The programme protection measures to the identified commercial establishments, including tax benefits or exemptions for the owners of the buildings and the pre-emptive right of purchase for tenants upon sale of the buildings.

    ‘Shops with a History’ involves three departments of the municipality of Lisbon: Economy and Innovation, Culture, and Urbanism. It is directed at traditional commerce and its position as a distinctive characteristic in the city’s economic activity. It also has a very significant impact on local employment.

    The innovative character of the programme largely resides in the creation of a working group, including the technicians of the various services of the municipality involved in the process and teachers and staff of the Fine Arts Faculty of the University of Lisbon. This university has contributed to creating the visual identity of the programme and has participated in defining the distinction criteria and their application in the field.

    An Advisory Board was created to collaborate with this working Group involving representatives from associative, business, cultural, academic and civil society sectors, and they are called upon to decide on the most important steps of the programme, namely the shop selection process.

    The final decision on attributing awards proposed by the Advisory Board  is made by the municipal executive. It is preceded by a period of public consultation. Recognition is valid for a minimum period of four years, renewable if its pre-requisites remain in place.

     

    82 shops and restaurants awarded the ‘Shop with a History’ Label

    Lisbon’s historical centre is at the core of the programme, more precisely the Baixa-Chiado district where most of the establishments that need to be preserved or safeguarded are located. However, it has been extended to other parts of the city.

    Lisbon City Council has already distinguished 82 commercial and restaurant establishments, following a period of intense work involving research and field work by the Working Group.

    A further 125 proposals for distinction have been submitted by businesses and/or members of civil society. New distinctions will be made in accordance to a new specific national legislation published in June 2017, regulating the recognition and protection regime for establishments and entities of historic and cultural or social-local interest (Law no. 42/2017 of 14 June).

    The evaluation criteria are the commercial activity, material assets and cultural and historic heritage. As regards commercial activity, the following factors are considered: recognised longevity, significance to local history, identity aspects and the fact that they are unique in terms of the activities they carry out. Material assets take into account both artistic heritage (architecture, decorative and furniture elements, artistic elements, namely works of art) and the respective real estate property. The elements that contribute to cultural and historic assets are less concrete, but still relevant: its existence as a local landmark, the need to safeguard intangible heritage and the need for its promotion.

    Some of these establishments manufacture their own products, often in locations adjacent to the points of sale or very close to them. These are small workshops that have survived out of sight of the customers.

    The municipality has created a municipal fund which contributes to the costs encountered by the shops in three areas: maintenance or restoration of facades or architectural and decorative elements, commercial invigoration and cultural initiatives. Rents paid by shops are protected against uncontrolled increases for a period that is longer than normal.

     

    A participative programme

    The recognition of a shop is prestigious for all parties: the merchant sees the interest in his or her commercial establishment grow, the landlord sees the value of his or her property increase and the city preserves its identity. In November 2017, an eponym book was launched. It is illustrated with photographs and other visual materials depicting the shops that have been distinguished until now. At the time of the launch, the Mayor of Lisbon Fernando Medina stated: “What is at stake in this programme is not a museological reality, but rather an investment in a living future, undertaking the difficult balancing act between preserving heritage and maintaining economic vitality, adding density to the programme."

    An exhibition also allowed us allows us to discover a “Lisbon that is colourful, alive, rich and very unique. It is a tour through the shops that tell the story of Lisbon, shops which through their architecture, decoration or the products that they sell, reflect the era of the monarchy, the first years of the republic, times of great difficulty or times of prosperity. They also bear witness to the social, aesthetic and political movements that created them, and in some cases these movements were even born within these shops” (excerpted from the introduction to the exhibit).

    A transferable Practice

    The municipality was awarded one of the 97 URBACT Good Practice labels. Its presentation in Tallinn at the URBACT City Festival raised a significant amount of interest from other participating cities, as Sofia Pereira, programme coordinator, explains : “We received various manifestations of interest in the sessions we participated in Tallinn, some of which directly from the cities present at the Festival, others from the respective National URBACT Points.”

    This label was a reward for the strong investment by the city of Lisbon (this includes politicians, technicians, merchants, academics and members of civil society) in a traditional activity sector with a strong impact on collective experience.

    Now, follow us and discover with us four of these emblematic shops .

    Luvaria Ulisses (in Lisboa Vaidosa, exhibit)

    It was not yet 10 a.m., opening time, but already several foreign customers were waiting for Luvaria Ulisses to open its doors. In fact, most of the purchases made at this shop, unique in Portugal and one of the few that are left in the world, are made by passers-by who became aware of the shop through city guides.

     

    The shop is extremely small, namely 6 m2, which means customers have to line up on the street. It is located on the blind spot of Muralha do Carmo, near the Convento do Carmo, a building that is of municipal interest, giving it a unique characteristic. Because the State owns the building the tenant is not under as much pressure from speculative rent increases.

    This commercial establishment exclusively manufactures and sells leather gloves. The shop was founded in 1925 and the current owner/manager would like to maintain this business for many years to come. According to Carlos Carvalho, in this business for 42 years, his biggest challenge is expanding the workshop where the gloves are manufactured. He needs to hire and specially train more seamstresses, which is not always easy.

    There are apparently two essential reasons that have caused traditional shops to lose customers in the past years: the moving of head offices of banks and government ministries to other parts of the city and the establishment of shopping centres in the surrounding areas. Fortunately, the influx of tourists has offset this loss.

    Customers are given personalised service whereby the employee helps the customer try on the gloves, following the usual ritual that includes using wooden tweezers to open the glove, sprinkling of talcum powder inside the glove, trying on the glove and lastly, removal of the talcum powder with a small brush. Between manufacture and sale, the business employs five cutters, six seamstresses and two shop employees.

    From Luvaria Ulisses, located on Rua do Carmo, we move on to the next shop:

    Londres Salão (in Lisboa por medida, exhibit)

    This is one of two remaining shops that are entirely dedicated to selling textiles, located in the most important commercial artery of the city’s downtown area, namely Rua Augusta.

    Londres Salão began its commercial activity in textiles in 1950, even though it already existed under the same name in 1911 in the tailoring business. The shop has since been managed by the same family, which thirty years ago added a young member trained in Management who had the wherewithal to adapt to the winds of change and guide the business toward a more sophisticated clientele who wants custom-made clothing that is different from the clothing found in ready to wear shops.

    Proof of this is that more and more tourists have visited (Russian, Angolan, Brazilian, among others), people with money, but who maintain traditional habits and who purchase textiles here to bring back to their countries, where it is still possible to easily find seamstresses and tailors.

    José Quadros, the current manager of the firm, believes that the programme Shops with a History makes a lot of sense because it helps in some way stop the imminent shutting down of these traditional shops. However, he believes the programme should also take into account benefits to the landlords where the shops are located, in order to dissuade them from undertaking eviction measures.

    In the case of Londres Salão, the landlord of the building tried to evict them, offering them six months and 500 hundred thousand euros to leave the building. This is where the benefit of the programme came into action, nullifying the eviction measures.

    A curious event took place with this shop when Queen of England Elizabeth II visited in 1957. As part of the visit, the Queen walked around downtown Lisbon in the Baixa district and suddenly stopped at the shop window of Londres Salão. What could it be? The shop was displaying replicas of the English crown jewels for the festive occasion.

    Right across from Londres Salão there is

    Casa Macário (in Lisboa Gulosa, exhibit)

    This shop was founded in 1913 by an Africanist with coffee plantations in Angola. At the time, the establishment was exclusively dedicated to selling tea and coffee, roasting, grinding and preparing its own products, originating from former colonies. This type of business was so significant that some 30 shops of this type operated in 1980 (today there are only seven).

    Casa Macário was subsequently sold and the current landlord has directed his main interest to the wine sector, while still maintaining an interest in other products. Here, port wine is king. As the current owner Luís Torres told us, his shop offers port wines from any year from 1900 onward and they can be tasted at the shop.

    The clientele is currently mostly foreign with many customers arriving on the numerous cruise ships that dock in Lisbon. Some of them come several times in a year and they ask if the shop still has “that wine” that they purchased last time. As regards national clientele, which was once the majority, it was mostly made up of lawyers and politicians who had their offices in the area.

    Luís Torres recounted an interesting story regarding the recent visit of a Russian tourist who entered the shop and asked for the most expensive port wine in the shop and opened the bottle right then and there. Wanting company for his drink, he called over some American sailors who were passing by on the street and together they drank the entire bottle in the early morning hours.

    In the case of Casa Macário, rent is not an issue, seeing as the building where the shop is located is owned by the shop owner and he proudly states: “Casa Macário is part of the downtown Baixa heritage.” It is this feeling of belonging that allows one to resist common and significant offers to shut down a traditional activity.

    The last shop we visited is located in the Chiado district and is an interesting example of an establishment that has maintained almost entirely intact the characteristics it had when it was first inaugurated.

    Tabacaria Martins (in Vícios de Lisboa, exhibit)

    This shop, established at the end of the 19th century, sells tobacco, newspapers, magazines and more recently, stationary products. Another aspect of the business is lottery ticket sales, which Tabacaria Martins pioneered. In fact, the shop still has a small wooden cabinet with small drawers that regular customers use to keep their tickets.

    If there is an establishment that has remained open today thanks to its distinction in 2016 under the Shops with a History programme it is Tabacaria Martins. In fact, in the beginning of 2017, the owners were notified that the building where they are located had been sold and as a result they had to leave the premises.

    News spread quickly among its customers and in order to create awareness about the problem they brought it to the attention of the media. The Deputy Mayor of Lisbon also intervened personally getting involved in resolving the dispute. The threat of closure generated an enormous uproar with many articles published in the press and social media. A large amount of people and organisations called for the shop to stay open. The new landlord ended up drawing up a ten year lease.

    Ana Martins, currently responsible for the shop, points to the benefit of the programme in defending the shop, but believes the programme should be promoted more in order to avoid situations similar to the one that her shop went through. She suggests greater involvement of the Union of Merchants Associations of the District of Lisbon in these disputes involving the owners of buildings where shops are located.

    It should be pointed out that the National Assembly and the National Conservatory are located near the shop and it was always frequented by politicians and artists who would often stop by to chat. This shop with over one hundred years of history has truly been a family business for three generations.

    Thus, we have concluded our visit to four traditional shops, each operating in its own sector of activity. All the owners were very clear that they wanted to keep their businesses up and running, but they are aware that without collective awareness on how to preserve this irreplaceable heritage, resolution of the problem may be delayed, but it will in fact not be resolved. Let us hope that the Shops with a History programme can continue to call attention to the need to preserve these shops and that it will create awareness among landlords. The city of Lisbon thanks you!

    You can also see the video of the Shops with a History programme here (click on "Watch Video").

    Submitted by Ana Resende, Portuguese URBACT Point, on 5th January 2018

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  • Shops with a history

    Portugal
    Lisbon

    A municipal programme highlighting shops whose historical and cultural heritage contribute to the city’s identity

    Sofia Pereira
    Project Manager/Programme Coordinator
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    Summary

    Throughout history, trade has played a significant role in the birth and development of cities. The city of Lisbon (PT) developed the programme Loja com História, “Shops with a History”, to recognise trade as a distinctive element of the city. The Shops with a History label is awarded to places such as shops, restaurants and cafes that have helped foster the city's identity and play a role in preserving its historical and cultural heritage. The municipality's goal is also to promote local shops, mainly in the historic town centre, as part of Lisbon's rehabilitation strategy for revitalising the city's economic and social fabric. Thanks to a multi-disciplinary team following predefined selection criteria, a first selection of 63 shops, including restaurants and patisseries, were distinguished in July 2016. A further 19 were highlighted in March 2017. A municipal fund has also been created to support the selected stores.

    The solutions offered by the good practice

    The candidate stores are visited and inspected by a multi-disciplinary working group set up for that purpose. This group consists of a mixed team of the municipality and the Faculty of Fine Arts that recommends the shop (or restaurant) which meets most of the criteria to be awarded with the distinction. The distinction is awarded on the basis of the cumulative assessment of various factors such as commercial activity, as well as the existence and preservation of architectural heritage or cultural and historical materials. Afterwards, the working group proposes the distinction, which will be validated by an advisory board and finally confirmed by the mayor or the deputy mayor concerned. The distinguished stores will be listed in a database with the documentary and photographic record that testifies to its current repository as well as the authenticity of its history. Each distinguished store is awarded a plaque with the insignia (Loja com História) to be placed on the façade of its building.

    With the distinction awarded by the municipality, the stores benefit from greater public visibility, being a stimulus for updating their processes and methods to reach the market. This justifies the creation of a municipal fund as an integral part of the same program. This fund is intended to contribute to the costs carried out by stores in three areas: maintenance or restoration of façades or architectural and decorative elements, business dynamism or cultural initiatives.

    Building on the sustainable and integrated approach

    The Shops with a History programme aims to support and promote the traditional local trade as a symbol of Lisbon, as well as to safeguard the remaining retail stores with unique and differentiating characteristics of commercial activity, and whose history is intertwined with that of the city. The concern with the retail shops (and restaurants) is recognised by the municipality with the reduction or exemption of municipal urban taxes. The City Council is committed to protecting historic shops by combating property speculation and the unrestrained increase of retail rents.

    Based on a participatory approach

    Civic participation has been encouraged by the initial meetings. Starting in February 2015, the City Council began talks with shopkeepers and representative trade and restaurant associations to reverse the commercial crisis situation and maintain business and lifestyle in the city. From these meetings some basic ideas emerged, with the formal start to happen with the probation of the criteria in February 2016 and constitution of a working group to realise the project in May 2016.

    Furthermore, both the distinction and the fund were subject to their own regulations and submitted to a public consultation, before being ratified by the Municipal Assembly, the deliberative body of the city. All the distinctions were submitted for approval by the Advisory Board. This board is constituted by individual retailers and representative associations of trade and catering, as well as personalities with strong links to the history or the commercial life of the city.

    What difference has it made?

    The act of distinguishing a store is prestigious for commerce, but also for the city and for the owner of the store, which is not usually the shopkeeper. In some cases, having the Shop with a History/Loja com História distinction could help a store avoid eviction, displacement or forced compensation.

    Why should other European cities use it?

    At the national level, the programme has already had repercussions in the country’s second largest city, Porto. Porto has held meetings with Lisbon officials in order to launch a similar initiative, called Porto with Tradition/Porto com Tradição.

    Furthermore, our project manager is invited to a regional meeting to be held in Algarve, next April, organised by DG Cutura of Algarve/Ministry of Culture under the theme “Shops with a History/Encontro Lojas com História”. It will be an opportunity to present the Lisbon experience. This programme is easily transferable to other European cities, considering that the EU itself intends to improve trade and quality of life in cities, for example through funding under Horizon 2020.

    For instance, a well-known blogger from Antwerp has already shown interest in publicising these ideas in her city. A meeting was scheduled with the Vice President's office.

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  • From non integrated to integrated urban development: an illustrated story

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    15/11/2022

    There are many ways to explain what integrated urban development is, or should be. One of the ways is to show examples on the opposite, i.e. on non-integrated solutions for urban development. Here we bring up three examples in the areas of poverty, ageing and economic development and reflect further on what integrated urban development is and how to put it into practice. 

    Articles

    Poverty 

    In some European countries on can find threatening examples of extreme poverty and area deprivation.  
     
    The first picture below shows such a situation at the edge of Sofia. 
     
    Many governments and municipalities want to act on such situations, putting the poor people under better conditions. However, very often such efforts are taken in non-integrated way, leading to very limited results.
     
    The picture in the middle above shows a container settlement at the edge of Belgrade, to where Roma families, who were living in shacks under a bridge close to the center, have been moved to. Although their housing situation might have been improved a bit, they were in practice expelled from the inner city (which gave them some possibilities to earn their living) to the remote periphery. 
           
    There are much better, more integrated solutions possible to handle extreme poverty.
     
    The picture on the right above shows the case of a Hungarian village, Sirok, where Roma families were living in caves at the edge of the village. In the framework of a national programme on the elimination of ghetto colonies a foundation has set up an integration strategy, bought some houses within the village and the families could move from the caves into normal housing in integrated environment (one of the houses was just opposite to the house of the mayor of the village).
    Besides radically changing the housing conditions the programme also included ’soft elements’, such as training for the adults and help to get in employment, orienting the children into non-segregated school classes, setting up Roma associations to continue the integration beyond the programme.
    Key elements of the success were the national framework programme ensuring the integration of hard and soft aspects and also delivering financing; and enthusiastic NGO-s on the local level, implementing the programme.

    Ageing

    European cities are ageing. In some cities it becomes quite visible, as for instance on the picture on the left below, showing a square in Barcelona. 
     
    The challenge of ageing can be handled by direct, one-dimensional interventions, such as building moving escalators (picture of the middle above, Barcelona). 
             
    Besides such non-integrated (though quite useful) interventions also other, more integrated solutions can be suggested, such as the idea of intergenerational housing cooperatives where elderly people live together with young adults in order to help each other (Picture on the right above).
     
    The management of ageing-related risks through intergenerational housing schemes can promote longer, healthier and more independent ageing, while having also a positive impact on the cost of healthcare policies for both the families and the public authorities.

    Economic development

    As a consequence of globalization, the sharpening economic competitiveness requires cities to attract the most modern technologies and talents. The first picture below shows a workplace in a modern factory in Hungary. 
     
     
    In the last decades the answer of cities on the economic-scientific challenge was the erection of science parks, usually as own urban entities, situated out of town with poor public transport links and extensive car parking. The picture in the middle above shows the science park of Oeiras in the periphery of Lisbon. 
    There are many externalities to one-sided solutions such as science parks. Segregated science parks are ’soaking out’ highly qualified people and students from the inner parts and normal life of the city, reducing social mix, creating huge car traffic, etc. 
     
    A more integrated answer on such economic challenge is for instance the development of knowledge districts within - or linked to - the already built-up parts of the cities, aiming for mixed-use. 
    The picture on the right above shows the Arabianranta mixed-use area of Helsinki. There many different functions can be found: coworking spaces, incubation, finance, SME support clubs, cafes, bars, restaurants, 24 hour life, walking, cycling, tram (but less parking), creches and local services. The area is home for 10,000 people, a workplace for 5,000 and a campus for 6,000 students and know-how professionals. As a residential district, Arabianranta is heterogeneous, with different types of housing: modern loft buildings, city villas, homes for groups with special needs such as community housing for active elderly people and residence for mentally disabled juvenile.
     
    From these examples it can be seen that the main problem with the non-integrated, one dimensional, sectoral solutions lies in the externalities, the sometimes very serious negative consequences along other dimensions. In the poverty example the container camp improves somewhat the housing conditions of the Roma but their (formal or informal) job/survival opportunities decreased radically with the peripheral location, from where the inner city became unaccessible. The science parks separate the higher qualified people from the city and it is not even sure that they feel/work better in such sterile environment than in ’normal’ mix used urban areas. 

    The development of integrated urban development and types of integrated approaches

    No wonder that the issue of integrated development came to the forefront in the last decade or so, not only in local matters but also regarding the key questions of urban development at large. This was the starting assumption of the European Commission Cities of Tomorrow report (2011): the very diverse challenges ahead the European cities, ranging from ageing, climate change, through globalisation till the rising inequalities and socio spatial polarisation, can only be tackled with integrated interventions. This means that each of these challenges can only be handled in ways which do not increase the problems in regard of other challenges. 
     
    One of the first mention of the idea (with other words) was the issue of sustainable development in 1987, when the Brundtland report called for the integration of economic, environmental and social aspects. In the following decade integrated development gained ground in the EU and step-by-step the URBAN programme has been developed with the aim to integrate hard (physical) investments with soft (social) measures in urban regeneration.
     
    Despite the fact that URBAN was only an optional Community Initiative with low level of financing (compared to the mainstream Structural Funds programmes), it became one of the most successful EU programmes. The integration of the two main aspects was required on the case of deprived neighbourhoods in the cities, via the compulsory cooperation between the different sectoral departments of the city hall.  
     
    In the course of the URBACT programme a more precise understanding of integrated urban development has been developed, distinguishing three different aspects of integration:
    • horizontal integration: cooperation across the different sectoral policies and departments (e.g. infrastructure, housing, education, social matters, culture, environment …) to address jointly a specific challenge; all sectoral decisions should be controlled regarding their effects on other sectors, recognizing that integrated development might require sub-optimal solutions along each dimension in order to reach good balance between all dimensions
    • vertical integration: cooperation between the different levels of administration, i.e. between the vertical chain-links of government to ensure coherence; higher levels of government can influence the outcomes at the lower level, while cities can achieve more with the support of regional and national frameworks.
    • territorial integration: cooperation between the adjacent municipalities in functional urban areas/metropolitan areas to ensure that negative externalities are not passed on across the administrative border of the city and to avoid displacement whereby problems are solved in one area but pop up elsewhere.

    The chapter written by Peter Ramsden on Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods in the first edition of the URBACT Project Results discusses many URBACT projects as good examples on horizontal and vertical integration: Co-Net, LC-Facil, NODUS, Reg-Gov. 

    Theoretically all aspects of integration should be applied at the same time in harmony with each other. This is, of course, impossible – cities and mayors even with the best ideas have to face political realities and can only achieve their ideas with unavoidable compromises.
     
    The above discussion of integration refers to the level of the municipality (urban area). It is also possible to raise the issue of integrated approach in regard of a programme or a project: whether the applied solution considers all of the economic, environmental and social aspects, not favouring too much any of these at the expense of the others. 
     
    Now let us see some examples on the different approaches to integrated development.

    Integrated urban development at the level of the city or of the urban area

    Most cities have long-term strategic development plans. There are huge differences, though, on how integrated these plans are and to what extent they steer urban development in reality. 
     
    The STEP 2025 Urban Development Plan adopted in 2014 by the city of Vienna can be taken as an example of a well developed integrated vision. 
     
    In the Plan, as a starting point, the scenarios for population development until 2025 are analysed. The most probable version forecasts 170.000 population increase by 2025. It envisaged that, taken into account demolition, 120.000 new housing units should be built. 
     
    Vienna is a good case for integrated urban development within the city but less so regarding territorial cooperation with settlements outside the administrative border.
    This can be seen in STEP 2025, which deals with the urban development and housing aspects of cooperation with the surrounding area only quite briefly and only lists the tasks to solve, without concrete plans. Territorial integration seems to be weak – at least regarding the narrow vicinity of Vienna (the plans for the broader Centrope metropolitan area are more developed). Thus the city has to solve the urban and housing aspects of the urban growth challenge more or less within its administrative borders. 
     
    Regarding the city territory, development targets have been calculated for different parts of the city (historical inner city, brownfield areas, peripheral built up areas, new areas to be built in), applying the criteria of growth management and compact urban development. Due to the substantial growth challenge, it is unavoidable to use areas outside the already built up structure of the city. For the new urban quarters STEP 2025 raises a series of conditions: to offer urban quality and diversity, be affordable and comply with all sustainability aspects, e.g. with regard to energy efficiency and mobility. 
     
    Another important requirement towards the new areas is relatively high density (as the city can not influence growth outside the city borders). Urban density is calculated in relation to the level of public transport service. The plan mentions that „Future urban expansion projects for development axes along high-level public transport corridors should therefore predominantly reflect densities of a minimum net floorspace ratio (NFSR) of 1.5; in the vicinity of high-level public transport, the minimum NFSR should be 2.5. With especially positive location factors, higher densities are possible on a case-by-case basis in some areas in the context of high-rise developments”. This is a special application of the transit-oriented development (TOD) principle, initiating higher densities in areas better served by public transport.
     
    The biggest new development outside the already built up structure of Vienna (but within the administrative border, see on the map on the left below) is Aspern Seestadt, a new residential quarter on a former airfield. The details of this development have already been discussed in an earlier article. 
     
        
    The recent picture about the already built up part of Seestadt (Picture on the right above, taken from a drone) illustrates that the TOD principle has been taken seriously – high density has been created as the quick and convenient metro connection to the city centre is already in place. Besides the high urban quality and energy efficiency also diversity is aimed at. The size of the new flats ranges between 45 and 160 square meters, and half of the units are subsidized public rental flats. This is to ensure a good social mix as the larger and owner occupied flats will obviously attract middle class families. 
     
    As mentioned, the limit to consider Vienna as a good practice in integrated urban development is the low level of territorial integration.
    Working together across the administrative border is a difficult issue, not easy to handle if municipalities have high degree of freedom in regulatory and financial matters and there is a lack of higher level (regional or national) policy to initiate metropolitan cooperation.
     
    In this regard France is a much better example than Austria, as in France several national laws (e.g. the Chevènement Law of 1999) have been passed to foster the cooperation between municipalities of the same functional urban area. As a result, all urban areas in France with more than half a million inhabitants (except for Paris) are urban communities, having according to the law joint administration for the core city and surrounding smaller settlements. This 'conseil communautaire' (community council), composed of a proportional representation of members of municipal councils of member towns, has the responsibility to decide in the most important policy fields of the larger urban area: strategic planning, transport, housing, etc. 

    Integration on programme and on project level

    The easiest understanding of the integrated approach is that economic, environmental and social aspects are all considered when looking for a solution and neither of these becomes dominant over the others. However, it is not simple to determine what are the criteria for a project to be integrated. In a normal case the inherent project logic usually goes for sectoral, non-integrated solutions, thus some special aspects are needed to push the process towards considering integration.
     
    Below, I try to summarize some aspects which might help those who want to alter the usual project development processes towards more integration. 
     
    Projects which are part of an integrated planning framework get good chances to become integrated themselves.
    Higher level integrated redevelopment frameworks for urban areas, such as the EU URBAN Community Initiative (1993-2006), the German Soziale Stadt programme, the UK New Deal for Communities (1997-2007) paid high attention to define their approach towards integration, on the basis of which projects were selected. 
    The New Deal for Communities programme was launched in the UK 1998 with the aim to reduce gaps between deprived urban neighbourhoods, in which decades of classic regeneration policy had not showed many effects, and the rest of the country. The core budget for the ten year period was 2 bn GBP for 39 programme areas. Key fields of intervention were work, security, education and training, housing and the physical environment – with a compulsory but locally determined mix between these social and physical measures. There were also Local Strategic Partnerships to be formed to promote cooperation across relevant public, non-governmental and private actors. (Tosics, 2015) 
     
    Individual projects, not being part of any vertical integration scheme, have to aim for horizontal integration. To achieve a balance between economic, environmental and social aspects needs special efforts. Probably the best is to raise an extra impetus for the integration of sectoral aspects: either concentrating on deprived areas (as URBAN), or aiming for sustainable development or requiring innovation, e.g. more efficient (less costly) public services as a reaction on the financial crisis. 
     
    Regarding urban regeneration, a potential measure of integration has been developed by Claude Jacquier.
     
    The picture on the left shows how he analysed the options for public intervention in a deteriorating building (or area) from non-intervention, leading to further deterioration (A1) to the most costly intervention (A3), leading to gentrification. The difficult task is to find and apply the A2 or, even better, the A4 options, i.e. those levels of public interventions into regeneration which stop physical deterioration or even bring some improvement, without significant gentrification. These are the solutions integrating the economic/physical and the social aspects. 
     
    Sometimes even the best ideas for integration face difficulties to reach the final aim. An interesting example for that could be found in the Magdolna Quarter social regeneration programme in Budapest.
     
    As part of the area-based programme planners faced the dilemma of what to do with a derelict building, consisting of 40 small one-room flats with no conveniences at all. Finally they opted for an integrated solution: to upgrade the building for the same, very poor tenants. Thus the tenants have been moved to temporary accomodation and the building was renovated and modernized: all flats got a toilet and a small shower.
     
    The picture below of Magdolna Quarter in Budapest shows a building before and after the modernization.
    Source: RÉV8, György Alföldi.
     
    After the completion of the renovation the original tenants were offered to move back but to the greatest surprise of the planners, most of them rejected this. The reason was the missing link between physical modernization and social affordability: for the poor tenants the introduction of flushing water into their homes created a new cost item (the expensive water charge) to pay for which they did not get any income-related compensation from the social security system. In this case the bottleneck for reaching an integrated outcome was outside the remit of the local planners: the lack of a comprehensive social protection system. 
     
    Integrated urban development is not an easy business – but is the only way to go to deal with the complex and interwoven challenges our cities face nowadays. 
     
    Some ideas and illustrations come from joint work with Peter Ramsden.
     
     
     
     
     
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  • USER

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    A core USER idea is that the design of urban public spaces and the main goals of urban planning are challenged by rapid changes in how cities are used. New trends in how public spaces are used, what the new users’ needs are, increasing malfunctions and conflicts among uses, etc., are challenging the way the city is usually “produced”, designed and managed.

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